The Ozone Depletion– Adaptation to an Environmental Limitation
Chlorofluorocarbons and the ozone depletion was an example of people anticipating that they were reaching an environmental limitation and taking action to correct it before they overshot the limitation.
Chlorofluorocarbons were first invented in 1928. They were used as coolants for refrigerators and air conditioners, as aerosol propellants, in packing material, in insulation, and in electronics components.
It wasn’t until 1974 that scientists discovered that one CFC molecule would start a chemical reaction that would destroy millions of ozone molecules. Then they started testing the ozone layer, and discovered that the ozone layer was being destroyed everywhere, and especially over the poles where CFCs were building up due to the air currents.
There were a lot more delays built into this problem. First, there was the time it took for CFCs to be created and put into refrigerators or wherever, and then for them to leak out and escape into the atmosphere. Then there was the time it took for the CFCs to drift all the way up to the ozone layer. Then there was the time it took to notice the problem, study it, and discover that it was affecting the atmosphere. The ozone depletion the scientists discovered in the 1970s was caused by the CFC industry of the 1950s, or something like that. In the intervening time, people had been manufacturing more and more CFCs every year and installing them into more and more things they were going to leak out of eventually and escape into the atmosphere.
Then there was another delay caused by the time it took scientists to discover enough evidence for people to act upon. Then there were more delays caused by the time it took the wheels of bureaucracy to start turning, then more delays caused by business leaders dragging their feet as usual at recognizing there was enough evidence to prove there was a problem, then more delays caused by some political leaders, like President Reagan, dragging their feet and saying it wasn’t a problem.
In 1987, 13 years after the problem was first noticed, the first international meeting was held at the United Nations for politicians to try to figure out what to do about the problem. Then more delays were caused by politicians disagreeing about what they should do about it because of the effects that banning CFCs would have on their different economies. But they did at least sign an agreement to get the process started.
Over the next 10 years, more evidence came in that indicated that the original agreement wasn’t enough to solve the problem, because the problem was worse than anyone had realized at the time. So four more meetings were held and more agreements were made, until by 1997 an agreement was finally made that could contain the problem (at least, as far as we know), with the phasing out of CFCs and other ozone-destroying chemicals in 2000.
This is an example of a problem that was solved before it got out of control, and with all those delays it still took 26 years to solve the problem.
The ozone layer is still being destroyed, and will continue being destroyed for maybe 20 more years. Ozone molecules are produced by chemical reactions in the atmosphere, so once all the CFCs break down, the ozone layer will recover, but once again it will take hundreds of years.









